What is the best way to load 32-bit non-color data into a texture for WebGPU?

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You can export Float32Array to a pure binary file.bin format.
In this case, I used.bin to store the 3d texture and Float32Array to parse the downloaded file：
Volume Cloud demo, based on threejs - Demos and projects - Babylon.js (babylonjs.com)
I think it’ll work for you, too.